In 1914, the disposal of physicists and chemists came direct way to determine the position of the element in the periodic table - Henry Gwyn English physicist Moseley Jeffries found that the root of the frequency characteristic X-ray radiation is linearly related to the integer value - the atomic number, which coincides with the item number in the periodic table. The law allowed Moseley to experimentally confirm correct positioning of elements, including radioactive isotopes in the periodic table, also confirmed the validity of the retreat in some cases the order of items on the order of increasing atomic mass (the so-called anomalies in the periodic table). That is the atomic number, which coincides, as suggested by the Dutch scientist Antonius Van den Broek, with the magnitude of the positive charge on the nucleus of the atom, became the basis for classification of chemical elements. In 1920 the English physicist James Chadwick experimentally determined the nuclear charge of copper silver and platinum, obtaining for them the values of 29.3, 46.3 and 77.4, respectively, which almost coincided with their atomic numbers 29, 47 and 78.
Rutherford in 1911 proposed his nuclear model of the atom in the center of the atom is positively charged nucleus, whose volume is negligible compared to the size of an atom, electrons revolve around the nucleus, which number approximately equal to half the atomic mass of an element. Rutherford's atomic model with the undoubted merits contain important contradiction: in accordance with the laws of classical electrodynamics, an electron orbiting the nucleus should continuously emit electromagnetic radiation, losing energy. As a result, the radius of the electron orbit would decrease rapidly, and calculated from these views, the lifetime of the atom is negligible. However, Rutherford model was the basis for a fundamentally new theory, developed in 1913 by Danish physicist Niels Henrik David Bohr.
Thank you for taking the time to read my work!the table can say this-there are elements in accordance withthe number of protons and neutrons, and because Element 71 is located in all cellsthe long version of the table and to place the following in accordance with lanthanides and also the periodic law is needed in this table to put down some new elements with the numbers 72,73,74,75. here and suspicion.with atomic weights of all convergent but the number of protons and neutrons may be different.
Sunday, December 8, 2013
1. Расчеты по Ашкрофту и Мермину.
2. Расчет по рассмотренным в работе моделям.
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| Cs | | | | |
| Cu | | | | |
| Ag | | | | |
| Al | | | | |
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| Cs | | | | |
| Cu | | | | |
| Ag | | | | |
| Al | | | | |
Tuesday, November 12, 2013
Nature of crystal.
Abstract
The literature generally describes a metallic bond as the one formed by means of mutual bonds between atoms' exterior electrons and not possessing the directional properties. However, attempts have been made to explain directional metallic bonds, as a specific crystal metallic lattice.
This paper demonstrates that the metallic bond in the densest packings (volume-centered and face-centered) between the centrally elected atom and its neighbours in general is, probably, effected by 9 (nine) directional bonds, as opposed to the number of neighbours which equals 12 (twelve) (coordination number).
Probably, 3 (three) "foreign" atoms are present in the coordination number 12 stereometrically, and not for the reason of bond. This problem is to be solved experimentally.
Introduction
At present, it is impossible, as a general case, to derive by means of quantum-mechanical calculations the crystalline structure of metal in relation to electronic structure of the atom. However, Hanzhorn and Dellinger indicated a possible relation between the presence of a cubical volume-centered lattice in subgroups of titanium, vanadium, chrome and availability in these metals of valent d-orbitals. It is easy to notice that the four hybrid orbitals are directed along the four physical diagonals of the cube and are well adjusted to binding each atom to its eight neighbours in the cubical volume-centered lattice, the remaining orbitals being directed towards the edge centers of the element cell and, possibly, participating in binding the atom to its six second neighbours /3/p. 99.
Let us try to consider relations between exterior electrons of the atom of a given element and structure of its crystal lattice, accounting for the necessity of directional bonds (chemistry) and availability of combined electrons (physics) responsible for galvanic and magnetic properties.
According to /1/p. 20, the number of Z-electrons in the conductivitiy zone has been obtained by the authors, allegedly, on the basis of metal's valency towards oxygen, hydrogen and is to be subject to doubt, as the experimental data of Hall and the uniform compression modulus are close to the theoretical values only for alkaline metals. The volume-centered lattice, Z=1 casts no doubt. The coordination number equals 8.
The exterior electrons of the final shell or subcoats in metal atoms form conductivity zone. The number of electrons in the conductivity zone effects Hall's constant, uniform compression ratio, etc.
Let us construct the model of metal - element so that external electrons of last layer or sublayers of atomic kernel, left after filling the conduction band, influenced somehow pattern of crystalline structure (for example: for the body-centred lattice - 8 'valency' electrons, and for volume-centered and face-centred lattices - 12 or 9).
ROUGH, QUALITATIVE MEASUREMENT OF NUMBER OF ELECTRONS IN CONDUCTION BAND OF METAL - ELEMENT. EXPLANATION OF FACTORS, INFLUENCING FORMATION OF TYPE OF MONOCRYSTAL MATRIX AND SIGN OF HALL CONSTANT.
(Algorithm of construction of model)
The measurements of the Hall field allow us to determine the sign of charge carriers in the conduction band. One of the remarkable features of the Hall effect is, however, that in some metals the Hall coefficient is positive, and thus carriers in them should, probably, have the charge, opposite to the electron charge /1/. At room temperature this holds true for the following: vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, zinc, circonium, niobium, molybdenum, ruthenium, rhodium, cadmium, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, ytterbium, hafnium, tantalum, wolfram, rhenium, iridium, thallium, plumbum /2/. Solution to this enigma must be given by complete quantum - mechanical theory of solid body.
Roughly speaking, using the base cases of Born-Karman, let us consider a highly simplified case of one-dimensional conduction band. The first variant: a thin closed tube is completely filled with electrons but one. The diameter of the electron roughly equals the diameter of the tube.
With such filling of the area at local movement of the electron an opposite movement of the 'site' of the electron, absent in the tube, is observed, i.e. movement of non-negative sighting. The second variant: there is one electron in the
tube - movement of only one charge is possible - that of the electron with a negative charge. These two opposite variants
show, that the sighting of carriers, determined according to the Hall coefficient, to some extent, must depend on the
filling of the conduction band with electrons. Figure 1.
Abstract
The literature generally describes a metallic bond as the one formed by means of mutual bonds between atoms' exterior electrons and not possessing the directional properties. However, attempts have been made to explain directional metallic bonds, as a specific crystal metallic lattice.
This paper demonstrates that the metallic bond in the densest packings (volume-centered and face-centered) between the centrally elected atom and its neighbours in general is, probably, effected by 9 (nine) directional bonds, as opposed to the number of neighbours which equals 12 (twelve) (coordination number).
Probably, 3 (three) "foreign" atoms are present in the coordination number 12 stereometrically, and not for the reason of bond. This problem is to be solved experimentally.
Introduction
At present, it is impossible, as a general case, to derive by means of quantum-mechanical calculations the crystalline structure of metal in relation to electronic structure of the atom. However, Hanzhorn and Dellinger indicated a possible relation between the presence of a cubical volume-centered lattice in subgroups of titanium, vanadium, chrome and availability in these metals of valent d-orbitals. It is easy to notice that the four hybrid orbitals are directed along the four physical diagonals of the cube and are well adjusted to binding each atom to its eight neighbours in the cubical volume-centered lattice, the remaining orbitals being directed towards the edge centers of the element cell and, possibly, participating in binding the atom to its six second neighbours /3/p. 99.
Let us try to consider relations between exterior electrons of the atom of a given element and structure of its crystal lattice, accounting for the necessity of directional bonds (chemistry) and availability of combined electrons (physics) responsible for galvanic and magnetic properties.
According to /1/p. 20, the number of Z-electrons in the conductivitiy zone has been obtained by the authors, allegedly, on the basis of metal's valency towards oxygen, hydrogen and is to be subject to doubt, as the experimental data of Hall and the uniform compression modulus are close to the theoretical values only for alkaline metals. The volume-centered lattice, Z=1 casts no doubt. The coordination number equals 8.
The exterior electrons of the final shell or subcoats in metal atoms form conductivity zone. The number of electrons in the conductivity zone effects Hall's constant, uniform compression ratio, etc.
Let us construct the model of metal - element so that external electrons of last layer or sublayers of atomic kernel, left after filling the conduction band, influenced somehow pattern of crystalline structure (for example: for the body-centred lattice - 8 'valency' electrons, and for volume-centered and face-centred lattices - 12 or 9).
ROUGH, QUALITATIVE MEASUREMENT OF NUMBER OF ELECTRONS IN CONDUCTION BAND OF METAL - ELEMENT. EXPLANATION OF FACTORS, INFLUENCING FORMATION OF TYPE OF MONOCRYSTAL MATRIX AND SIGN OF HALL CONSTANT.
(Algorithm of construction of model)
The measurements of the Hall field allow us to determine the sign of charge carriers in the conduction band. One of the remarkable features of the Hall effect is, however, that in some metals the Hall coefficient is positive, and thus carriers in them should, probably, have the charge, opposite to the electron charge /1/. At room temperature this holds true for the following: vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, zinc, circonium, niobium, molybdenum, ruthenium, rhodium, cadmium, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, ytterbium, hafnium, tantalum, wolfram, rhenium, iridium, thallium, plumbum /2/. Solution to this enigma must be given by complete quantum - mechanical theory of solid body.
Roughly speaking, using the base cases of Born-Karman, let us consider a highly simplified case of one-dimensional conduction band. The first variant: a thin closed tube is completely filled with electrons but one. The diameter of the electron roughly equals the diameter of the tube.
With such filling of the area at local movement of the electron an opposite movement of the 'site' of the electron, absent in the tube, is observed, i.e. movement of non-negative sighting. The second variant: there is one electron in the
tube - movement of only one charge is possible - that of the electron with a negative charge. These two opposite variants
show, that the sighting of carriers, determined according to the Hall coefficient, to some extent, must depend on the
filling of the conduction band with electrons. Figure 1.
please see at: http://natureofcrystalstructure.blogspot.com
Magnetic lines of force and electrical fields
In 1921 - 1925 years of Miller , suggesting that the ether , trapped by Earth's gravity at the surface of the Earth is stationary relative to the surface , conducted experiments on Michelson scheme at an altitude of 6,000 feet. Measuring the velocity of the ether at Mount Wilson have yielded positive results.
But these deliberate speed dissatisfied popular belief that the Earth is moving at a speed relative to the ether 30km/cek.Moment rotation of the Sun is not the sum of the orbital angular momenta of the planets. That is something still spinning ! If the Sun rotates the ether, and the ether of the planet rotates , the ether drift velocity relative to the planet should be approximately close to the speed of rotation of the planet's surface . What's on Mount Wilson was fixed !
If the ether of the planet rotates , the angular orbital velocity of the planets have to obey certain laws . If a particle of ether is the formation of a certain matter that remains after the annihilation of an electron and a positron , you can expect to receive a response from the air on the electrical and magnetic fields . Electromagnetic wave can be interpreted as the polarization of the ether. The speed of light in the medium would be constant . And the electric field can be interpreted as ? Let us be on the air test electron and if the particle is composed of ether -related electron and a positron , all the particles of the ether turn to their test electron positron . The rest will react well and we get - the electric field lines . A wave of de Broglie - so in such an environment for electrons and can only wave motion ! Planets move in the direction of rotation of the Sun , or vice versa? The law of gravity on the rotation of the planet around the lights clockwise or counterclockwise does not say anything ! If the Sun rotates the ether , the ether must rotate the planet in the same direction. Layers of ether must report daily rotation of the planet . Phobos and Deimos are irregular in shape and in its orbital motion are rotated to the planet is always one and the same - the same party. Dimensions of Phobos about 27 km, and Deimos is about 15 km . I presented this idea in the journal Science and Technology in 1989 . , For this to the editor had to list the 50 Soviet rubles.
The significance of the ether in science, technology and life.
The existence of the ether , the definition of its properties is of great importance in our lives. Criticism or support SRT little help in understanding the nature of the ether. Now when it's needed energy-hungry electrical materials with special properties. To obtain the material necessary to know the properties of elements , causes the crystallization of a grating with a particular type. So we were taught that an electron with great speed in its orbit will never fall into the nucleus. Is this true , if there is an ether ? No, of course , and without great speed , he will not fall into the nucleus . Hence the possible revision of quantum mechanics. And in the propagation of electromagnetic waves broadcast has not had his say . They say there is such a matter as the electromagnetic field . So what. And that something is the matter of . Not of the same vectors H and E !
Ether me to consist of particles - efironov who have annihilate an electron and a positron . Otherwise, how can they be born ? An electromagnetic wave is a polarization of these particles . Turns these dipoles have a magnetic field. The sun rotates the ether, and the ether of the planet rotates . So Michelson got 30km per second . In Miller's ether drift velocity was on the surface of the Earth is about 1 km per second . and was probably correct, but somewhere weird for conservative and right experiments Miller were rejected. See Journal of Technology and Science for the N6 1989
Here's what I wrote V.A.Atsyukovsky 12.02.84g.1 . The idea of the rotation of the planets ethereal wind that comes from the sun is not new. We have it attributed to Descartes, but in fact it is probably much older. This raises two problems : - it is not clear how the Sun can turn the air with such a rate that aired during the spreading of a rotating planet as they orbit . Proper rotation of the sun is not enough for at least two orders of magnitude . The speed of rotation of the Sun's surface is 2km.v sec . , And you need about 200km.v sec . , Then we would all converge . The circulation of planetary motion decreases , but not as much as expected in hydraulic engineering . It 's true there are facilitating factors: considering the compressibility of the ether, it's all right , everything will be exactly as is . But the problem is not solved previous . As it can not know. Sincerely , VA Atsyukovsky . Of course, if the Sun and the planets rotate at the same angular velocity can be worked and the laws of hydrodynamics. It is easy to calculate that as the Earth will rotate on an annual orbit the sun during this time will turn 14 times . To accurately describe these relations need to know the properties of ether . G.Filipenko .
How to search ether .
Ether carries the planet, and not vice versa. The sun rotates the air. From the angular velocity of the planets seen that the further planet from the sun. the less the angular velocity , i.e. as if the planets rotate in a certain liquid . In this case the world should be almost air or wind should not be. It seems to me that the ether wind to look in the direction of the East-West and its magnitude on the Earth's surface shall not exceed 1 km per second .
In 1921 - 1925 years of Miller , suggesting that the ether , trapped by Earth's gravity at the surface of the Earth is stationary relative to the surface , conducted experiments on Michelson scheme at an altitude of 6,000 feet. Measuring the velocity of the ether at Mount Wilson have yielded positive results.
But these deliberate speed dissatisfied popular belief that the Earth is moving at a speed relative to the ether 30km/cek.Moment rotation of the Sun is not the sum of the orbital angular momenta of the planets. That is something still spinning ! If the Sun rotates the ether, and the ether of the planet rotates , the ether drift velocity relative to the planet should be approximately close to the speed of rotation of the planet's surface . What's on Mount Wilson was fixed !
If the ether of the planet rotates , the angular orbital velocity of the planets have to obey certain laws . If a particle of ether is the formation of a certain matter that remains after the annihilation of an electron and a positron , you can expect to receive a response from the air on the electrical and magnetic fields . Electromagnetic wave can be interpreted as the polarization of the ether. The speed of light in the medium would be constant . And the electric field can be interpreted as ? Let us be on the air test electron and if the particle is composed of ether -related electron and a positron , all the particles of the ether turn to their test electron positron . The rest will react well and we get - the electric field lines . A wave of de Broglie - so in such an environment for electrons and can only wave motion ! Planets move in the direction of rotation of the Sun , or vice versa? The law of gravity on the rotation of the planet around the lights clockwise or counterclockwise does not say anything ! If the Sun rotates the ether , the ether must rotate the planet in the same direction. Layers of ether must report daily rotation of the planet . Phobos and Deimos are irregular in shape and in its orbital motion are rotated to the planet is always one and the same - the same party. Dimensions of Phobos about 27 km, and Deimos is about 15 km . I presented this idea in the journal Science and Technology in 1989 . , For this to the editor had to list the 50 Soviet rubles.
The significance of the ether in science, technology and life.
The existence of the ether , the definition of its properties is of great importance in our lives. Criticism or support SRT little help in understanding the nature of the ether. Now when it's needed energy-hungry electrical materials with special properties. To obtain the material necessary to know the properties of elements , causes the crystallization of a grating with a particular type. So we were taught that an electron with great speed in its orbit will never fall into the nucleus. Is this true , if there is an ether ? No, of course , and without great speed , he will not fall into the nucleus . Hence the possible revision of quantum mechanics. And in the propagation of electromagnetic waves broadcast has not had his say . They say there is such a matter as the electromagnetic field . So what. And that something is the matter of . Not of the same vectors H and E !
Ether me to consist of particles - efironov who have annihilate an electron and a positron . Otherwise, how can they be born ? An electromagnetic wave is a polarization of these particles . Turns these dipoles have a magnetic field. The sun rotates the ether, and the ether of the planet rotates . So Michelson got 30km per second . In Miller's ether drift velocity was on the surface of the Earth is about 1 km per second . and was probably correct, but somewhere weird for conservative and right experiments Miller were rejected. See Journal of Technology and Science for the N6 1989
Here's what I wrote V.A.Atsyukovsky 12.02.84g.1 . The idea of the rotation of the planets ethereal wind that comes from the sun is not new. We have it attributed to Descartes, but in fact it is probably much older. This raises two problems : - it is not clear how the Sun can turn the air with such a rate that aired during the spreading of a rotating planet as they orbit . Proper rotation of the sun is not enough for at least two orders of magnitude . The speed of rotation of the Sun's surface is 2km.v sec . , And you need about 200km.v sec . , Then we would all converge . The circulation of planetary motion decreases , but not as much as expected in hydraulic engineering . It 's true there are facilitating factors: considering the compressibility of the ether, it's all right , everything will be exactly as is . But the problem is not solved previous . As it can not know. Sincerely , VA Atsyukovsky . Of course, if the Sun and the planets rotate at the same angular velocity can be worked and the laws of hydrodynamics. It is easy to calculate that as the Earth will rotate on an annual orbit the sun during this time will turn 14 times . To accurately describe these relations need to know the properties of ether . G.Filipenko .
How to search ether .
Ether carries the planet, and not vice versa. The sun rotates the air. From the angular velocity of the planets seen that the further planet from the sun. the less the angular velocity , i.e. as if the planets rotate in a certain liquid . In this case the world should be almost air or wind should not be. It seems to me that the ether wind to look in the direction of the East-West and its magnitude on the Earth's surface shall not exceed 1 km per second .
Tuesday, February 16, 2010
extraterrestrial
Dear Sirs!The information, contained in the project is in my opinion the evidence of its extraterrestrial origin. Project of decoding of 'The Stormer Effect' The phenomenon is described by C.Stormer in his work 'The Problem of Aurora Borealis' in the chapter entitled 'The Echo of Short Waves, Which Comes Back in Many Seconds After The Main Signal'. In 1928 the radio- engineer Jorgen Hals from Bigder near Oslo informed C.Stormer about an odd radio echo received 3 seconds after the cessation of the main signal; besides, an ordinary echo encircling the Earth within 1/7 of a second was received. In July Prof. Stormer spoke to Dr. Van-der-Paul in Andhoven and they decided to carry out experiments in autumn and send telegraphic signals in the form of undamped waves every 20 seconds three dashes one after the other. On 11 October 1928 between 15.30 and 16.00, C.Stormer heard an echo 'beyond any doubt'; the signals lasted for 1,5- 2 seconds on undamped waves 31,4 meters long. Stormer and Hals recorded the intervals between the main signal and the mysterious echo: 1) 15, 9, 4, 8, 13, 8, 12, 10, 9, 5, 8, 7, 6 2) 12, 14, 14, 12, 8 3) 12, 5, 8 4) 12, 8, 5, 14, 14, 15, 12, 7, 5.5, 13, 8, 8, 8, 13, 9,10,7,14,6,9,5 5) 9 Atmospheric disturbances were insignificant at that time. The frequency of echoes was equal to that of the main signal. C.Stormer explained the nature of echoes by reflection of radio waves from layers of particles ionised by the Sun. But! The Professor of the Stenford Electrotechnical University R.Bracewell suggested possibility of informational communication through space probes between more or less developed civilisations in space. From that point of view the information about decoding of Stormer series can be found in following journals: 'Smena' No.2 Moscow 1966 , 'Astronautics and Aeronautics' No.5 USA 1973, 'Technika Molodezi' No.4 1974 and No.5 1977 Moscow, etc. The author of this work offers the following decoding: let the numbers in the series be replaced for chemical symbols of elements with corresponding nuclear charges: 1) P F Be O Al O Mg Ne F B O N C 2) Mg Si Si Mg O 3) Mg B O 4) Mg O B Si Si P Mg N B B Al O O O Al F Ne N Si C F B 5) F It is easy to see that the second series is repeated at the beginning of the forth series with the only difference that in the forth series silicon is alloyed with boron and phosphorus, i.e. 'p-n transition' of a diode is created. The third series describes receipt of pure boron through action on boron anhydrite by magnesium: B2O3 and Mg = B+ ... The author of the above hypothesis wrote his degree paper on silicon carbide light-emitting diode, that is why the ending of the forth series is the most simple- it is a modern light-emitting diode. Silicon carbide is alloyed with nitrogen and boron with 'some participation' of fluorine. Approximately the same way diamond is alloyed with participation of fluorine in laboratories of 'other civilisations', as can be seen at the ending of the first series. In the middle of the forth series corundum, the base of ruby, is also alloyed with boron, nitrogen and fluorine. In the fifth series simply fluorine is educed as a useful but very aggressive gas. Inert neon seems to divide optoelectronic devices. In conclusion, some repeated applications should be noticed: fluorine favours in a way either diffusion of boron or electronic processes in forbidden zones of diamond, silicon carbamide; for some reason magnesium contacts are used. In 1928 semi-conductor devices were not in use on Earth. Leningrad,1978. ========================================================= Now,MgB2 is supercoductor!!! (2001?) P.S.This paper is placed in Internet from 1998,please see at: http://www.belarus.net/discovery/filipenko/fil2.htm (in English) ===================================================== Superconductivity in diamond, Nature, 428, 542 (2004) Origin of Superconductivity in Boron-doped Diamond. ======================================================== All this discoveries are placed in series of C.Stormer! P.S. Origin of Superconductivity in Boron-doped Si (2006). Sincerely, Henadzi Filipenka
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